Capital City Christian Church PluggedIn IT Ministry
Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of the Linux-based Android on smartphones, Linux also has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Although it is used by only around 2.3 percent of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top 1 million web servers' operating systems are Linux), leads other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, having gradually eliminated all competitors).
Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes routers, automation controls, smart home technology (like Google Nest), televisions (Samsung and LG Smart TVs use Tizen and WebOS, respectively), automobiles (for example, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota all rely on Linux), digital video recorders, video game consoles, and smartwatches. The Falcon 9's and the Dragon 2's avionics use a customized version of Linux.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License.
90% of all cloud infrastructure is powered by Linux including supercomputers and cloud providers. 74% of smartphones in the world are Linux-based.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux - as of Fri 08.20.2021 16:17:19
You can run Linux from the local hard drive, a DVD, or a USB drive. For the most part, we will run Linux from a USB.
For our purposes, these are the steps for powering up a laptop booting from a USB drive.
Click on the image below to expand it's size (clicking toggles it's size). Then notice the different area's of navigation.
One thing you will want is to navgate through the menus to 'Usual Application' / 'System' / 'xfce Terminal', and there right click on 'xfce Terminal' and click 'Add to Panel' and then right click again and click 'Add to Favorites'. This will put the terminal on the very top panel as well as in your favorites.
Note that you can single click on an icon on the top panel, keep the mouse button held down and then move the icon to other locations on the panel.
Linux comes with detailed documentation and information about practically every program within the system. Every time you install new software, it's documentation is also installed.
In many cases, a program will contain consise information about how to run. You can display that information without actually doing whatever the program by using the '--help' parameter, or in some cases '-h'.
In the case of the 'host' program, you can see below the type of information it provides.
--help
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ host --help host: illegal option -- - Usage: host [-aCdilrTvVw] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-t type] [-W time] [-R number] [-m flag] [-p port] hostname [server] -a is equivalent to -v -t ANY -A is like -a but omits RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 -c specifies query class for non-IN data -C compares SOA records on authoritative nameservers -d is equivalent to -v -l lists all hosts in a domain, using AXFR -m set memory debugging flag (trace|record|usage) -N changes the number of dots allowed before root lookup is done -p specifies the port on the server to query -r disables recursive processing -R specifies number of retries for UDP packets -s a SERVFAIL response should stop query -t specifies the query type -T enables TCP/IP mode -U enables UDP mode -v enables verbose output -V print version number and exit -w specifies to wait forever for a reply -W specifies how long to wait for a reply -4 use IPv4 query transport only -6 use IPv6 query transport only
which
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ which host /usr/bin/host
apropos
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ apropos arp CGI::Carp (3pm) - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log arp (7) - Linux ARP kernel module. arp (8) - manipulate the system ARP cache arp-fingerprint (1) - Fingerprint a system using ARP arp-scan (1) - The ARP scanner arp2ethers (8) - convert arpwatch address database to ethers file format arpd (8) - userspace arp daemon. arpfetch (8) - obtain ethernet/ip address pairings via snmp arping (8) - sends arp and/or ip pings to a given host arpsnmp (8) - keep track of ethernet/ip address pairings arpspoof (8) - intercept packets on a switched LAN arptables-nft (8) - ARP table administration (nft-based) arptables-nft-restore (8) - Restore ARP Tables (nft-based) arptables-nft-save (8) - dump arptables rules to stdout (nft-based) arpwatch (8) - keep track of ethernet/ip address pairings get-iab (1) - Fetch the arp-scan IAB file from the IEEE website get-oui (1) - Fetch the arp-scan OUI file from the IEEE website (on Debian and Debia... ip-neighbour (8) - neighbour/arp tables management. mac-vendor (5) - Ethernet vendor file for arp-scan massagevendor (8) - convert the ethernet vendor codes master list to arpwatch format netdiscover (8) - active/passive ARP reconnaissance tool NetPacket::ARP (3pm) - Assemble and disassemble ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) packets. packetforge-ng (1) - forge packets: ARP, UDP, ICMP or custom packets. Perl::Critic::Policy::ErrorHandling::RequireC... (3pm) - Use functions from Carp instead of "... rarp (8) - manipulate the system RARP table sane-ma1509 (5) - SANE backend for Mustek BearPaw 1200F USB scanner sane-sharp (5) - SANE backend for SHARP scanners sane-u12 (5) - SANE backend for Plustek USB flatbed scanners, based on older parport ... ┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$
man
NAME arp - manipulate the system ARP cache SYNOPSIS arp [-vn] [-H type] [-i if] [-ae] [hostname] arp [-v] [-i if] -d hostname [pub] arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [temp] arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -Ds hostname ifname [netmask nm] pub arp [-vnD] [-H type] [-i if] -f [filename] DESCRIPTION Arp manipulates or displays the kernel's IPv4 network neighbour cache. It can add entries to the table, delete one or display the current content. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, which is used to find the media access control address of a network neighbour for a given IPv4 Address. MODES arp with no mode specifier will print the current content of the table. It is possible to limit the number of entries printed, by specifying an hardware address type, interface name or host address. arp -d address will delete a ARP table entry. Root or netadmin privilege is required to do this. The entry is found by IP address. If a hostname is given, it will be re‐ Manual page arp(8) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
There several programs that help you install, uninstall, and update software on a Linux system. Each distribution tends to settle on one as its preferred method. In the case of Ubuntu and Kali, it is the 'apt' system.
The Linux community keeps repositories of available software for installation and updating. The 'apt' program is what we use in Kali (and many other distors) to install and update most software. Repositories are servers which contain sets of packages.
The 'apt' program(s) must be run by root, so you will want to use the 'sudo' program to run privileged programs like 'apt' as root while logged in as your own account.
Repositories may be standard or non-standard. Once a non-standard repository has been added to your system's list of repositories, the system can install software from it, as well as from the standard ones; otherwise, it cannot. In general, adding a non-standard repository is a simple step. The sudo apt-add-repository command on Ubuntu, for example, can be used to add a repository. The --help option for the apt-add-repository command shows these command examples: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3305810/how-to-list-repositories-on-linux.html)
apt-add-repository 'deb http://myserver/path/to/repo stable myrepo' apt-add-repository 'http://myserver/path/to/repo myrepo' apt-add-repository 'https://packages.medibuntu.org free non-free' apt-add-repository http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu apt-add-repository ppa:user/repository apt-add-repository ppa:user/distro/repository apt-add-repository multiverse
You can list the repositories your system uses with the following 2 commands
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt-cache policy Package files: 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status release a=now 500 https://download.sublimetext.com apt/stable/ Packages release o=Sublime Text,a=apt/stable,l=Sublime Text APT Repository,c= origin download.sublimetext.com 500 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable/main amd64 Packages release o=Brave Software,a=stable,n=stable,l=Brave Browser,c=main,b=amd64 origin brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com 500 http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling/contrib amd64 Packages release o=Kali,a=kali-rolling,n=kali-rolling,c=contrib,b=amd64 origin http.kali.org 500 http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling/non-free amd64 Packages release o=Kali,a=kali-rolling,n=kali-rolling,c=non-free,b=amd64 origin http.kali.org 500 http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages release o=Kali,a=kali-rolling,n=kali-rolling,c=main,b=amd64 origin http.kali.org Pinned packages: ┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo grep -Erh ^deb /etc/apt/sources.list* deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg arch=amd64] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/
See https://ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/ for more information on repositories and adding or removing them.
As with most programs, the '-h' or '--help' parameter will provide information about that program.
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt -h [sudo] password for parth: apt 2.2.4 (amd64) Usage: apt [options] command apt is a commandline package manager and provides commands for searching and managing as well as querying information about packages. It provides the same functionality as the specialized APT tools, like apt-get and apt-cache, but enables options more suitable for interactive use by default. Most used commands: list - list packages based on package names search - search in package descriptions show - show package details install - install packages reinstall - reinstall packages remove - remove packages autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages update - update list of available packages upgrade - upgrade the system by installing/upgrading packages full-upgrade - upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages edit-sources - edit the source information file satisfy - satisfy dependency strings See apt(8) for more information about the available commands. Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5). Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5). Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5). Security details are available in apt-secure(8). This APT has Super Cow Powers.
Updating currently installed software
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt update Hit:1 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable InRelease Hit:2 https://download.sublimetext.com apt/stable/ InRelease Hit:3 http://kali.download/kali kali-rolling InRelease Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done 1 package can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see it.
Upgrading Software
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt upgrade -y Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: autossh device-pharmer hostapd isc-dhcp-server kali-linux-nethunter libirs-export161 libisccfg-export163 libssl-dev linux-headers-5.10.0-kali7-amd64 linux-headers-5.10.0-kali7-common linux-image-5.10.0-kali7-amd64 nethunter-utils policycoreutils python3-gevent python3-gevent-websocket python3-greenlet python3-m2crypto python3-parameterized python3-plotly python3-zope.event selinux-utils tcptrace tinyproxy tinyproxy-bin wipe xplot-xplot.org Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them. The following packages have been kept back: plocate 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Search for available software by keyword
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt search igmp Sorting... Done Full Text Search... Done igmpproxy/kali-rolling 0.3-1 amd64 IGMP multicast routing daemon ostinato/kali-rolling 1.1-1+b1 amd64 Packet/Traffic Generator and Analyzer packeth/kali-rolling 1.6.5-2.1 amd64 Ethernet packet generator smcroute/kali-rolling 2.4.4-3 amd64 static multicast router daemon t50/kali-rolling,now 5.8.7-2 amd64 [installed,automatic] Multi-protocol packet injector tool tcpdump/kali-rolling,now 4.99.0-2 amd64 [installed,automatic] command-line network traffic analyzer
Reference Using apt Commands in Linux (https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/)
As you have time, install the following software.
You will need to have a good Internet connection.
Before updating or installing any software, make sure to first update/upgrade the apt database and installed applications. Below is an example of how that is done. Note that if you are going to install several packages, you only need to update/upgrade one before installing a number of programs.
┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt update Hit:1 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable InRelease Hit:2 https://download.sublimetext.com apt/stable/ InRelease Hit:3 http://kali.download/kali kali-rolling InRelease Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done 2 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. ┌──(parth㉿parth)-[~] └─$ sudo apt upgrade -y Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages have been kept back: kali-linux-large udisks2 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
The programs to install are;
